AI TOEIC 模試
TOEIC文法

前置詞・群前置詞 — 時間・場所・関係を正確に

in/at/on から as of, by, until, within まで。

ゴール

頻出の群前置詞を定型で処理できる。

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時間(when)・場所(where)・関係(why/how)の役割で整理し、期限/起点/範囲の線引きを重視する(by=期限までに完了、until=その時点まで継続、within=範囲内)。
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整理メモ

前置詞チャート

時間の基本表現

  • in + 月/年/季節/期間(in April, in 2025, in the morning)
  • on + 日付/曜日/特定日(on April 15, on Monday, on New Year’s Day)
  • at + 時刻/点(at 9 a.m., at noon, at night)

期限の表現

  • by + 未来時点:その時点までに完了
  • until/till + 時点:その時点までずっと継続
  • within + 期間:その期間内のいつか

開始・適用

  • as of + 日付/時点:その時点での状態(告知・統計)
  • effective from/since + 日付:効力の開始(公的文書で頻出)
  • starting (on) + 日付:開始の自然表現

原因・譲歩

  • because of/due to + 名詞(原因)
  • despite/in spite of + 名詞(譲歩)

追加・優先・順守

  • in addition to + 名詞/動名詞(追加)
  • prior to + 名詞/動名詞(〜より前に)
  • in accordance with / according to + 名詞(準拠/根拠)

ひっかけ注意

  • ✕ despite of → ○ despite / in spite of
  • ✕ due to + 節 → ○ due to + 名詞(because は節を導く)
  • by と until を混同しない:by は完了点、until は継続
  • within は「以内」:✕ within 5 p.m. → ○ by 5 p.m. / within 5 hours
  • as of は「〜時点で(の状態)」:継続の since と混同しない
  • 前置詞の直後は名詞/名詞句/動名詞(to が前置詞のときは ~ing)
  • 日付は on、月/年は in、時刻は at(例外: at night / on the weekend(米) / at the weekend(英))
  • in accordance with(with を忘れない)/according to(to を忘れない)

時間の基本

in April / at 9 a.m. / on Monday

コツ: in(幅)> on(日)> at(点)。複合は「on Monday morning」「at midnight」のように固定表現に注意。

The meeting is ___ Monday morning.

  • A.in
  • B.at
  • C.on
  • D.by

The event starts ___ 9 a.m.

  • A.at
  • B.in
  • C.on
  • D.by

The product launches ___ April 15.

  • A.in
  • B.at
  • C.by
  • D.on

期限表現

by(期限までに完了)/ until(までずっと)/ within(以内)

コツ: 「提出」は by、「営業は〜まで」は until、「応答は〜以内」は within が定型。

Please submit the expense report ___ Friday.

  • A.until
  • B.by
  • C.within
  • D.since

The help desk is open ___ 8 p.m. on weekdays.

  • A.by
  • B.within
  • C.since
  • D.until

We will respond ___ 24 hours.

  • A.within
  • B.in
  • C.by
  • D.until

起点・適用

as of(〜時点で)/ effective from

コツ: 統計・在庫・方針の「現時点」には as of、効力開始は effective from / starting (on)。

___ today, there are no open tickets.

  • A.Since
  • B.Effective from
  • C.As of
  • D.Until

The policy is ___ July 1, 2025.

  • A.as of
  • B.effective from
  • C.during
  • D.by

The new contract takes effect ___ next Monday.

  • A.starting on
  • B.as of
  • C.until
  • D.at

理由・譲歩

because of / due to / despite / in spite of

コツ: because は節、because of/due to は名詞。譲歩は despite/in spite of。

The flight was delayed ___ heavy fog.

  • A.because
  • B.despite of
  • C.in spite
  • D.due to

___ the tight schedule, we postponed the launch.

  • A.Despite
  • B.Because of
  • C.Because
  • D.In spite

___ the warning signs, the team proceeded.

  • A.Because of
  • B.Due to
  • C.Despite
  • D.In spite

追加・優先

in addition to / prior to / in accordance with

コツ: 後ろは名詞・動名詞。準拠は according to / in accordance with が定型(in accordance to は誤り)。

___ the budget increase, we also need better scheduling.

  • A.In addition to
  • B.Besides of
  • C.According with
  • D.Prior

___ the manual, backups must run daily.

  • A.Prior to
  • B.In addition to
  • C.According to
  • D.In accordance to

All visitors must sign in ___ entering the facility.

  • A.besides
  • B.in addition with
  • C.according with
  • D.prior to