TOEIC文法

動詞の時制・態・一致 — 時間軸と主語に合わせる

時制、受動態／能動態、主語との一致をセットで確認する。

ゴール

タイムラインを素早く捉えて最適な動詞形を選べるようにする。

時間表現（last year, by the time, currently, since, for, already など）を拾い、周辺文との整合性（前後の時制・態・一致）を確認。受動態が必要かは「主語が行為する側か／される側か」で判断。

以下のポイントを順番に押さえ、同じパターンの問題で解き方を再現できるようにしましょう。

整理メモ

時間のシグナル

現在完了: since/for/recently/lately/so far/already/yet/over the past ...
未来完了: by + 未来時点 / by the time S + V（現在形）/ by next ...
過去: yesterday/last year/in 2019/ago/at that time
進行: right now/currently/at the moment

受動態の合図

行為者が不明・不要・不特定（The shipment was delayed.）
受け身の方が自然な慣用（be required, be expected, be allowed, be applied）

一致シグナル

単数: each/every/neither/either + 単数名詞 → 動詞は三単現
複数: both/few/several/many + 複数名詞 → 動詞は複数形
集合名詞: staff（文脈で単複どちらも）/ police（通常は複数扱い）。TOEICでは一貫性重視。

整合性チェック

助動詞 + 動詞原形（will/can/must + V）
時間節の中は現在形で未来を表す（If/When/Before/After/By the time + 現在形）
完了進行形は「継続時間」を強調（have/has been ~ing / will have been ~ing）

ひっかけ注意

現在完了 × 具体的過去時点: ✕ I have visited Tokyo in 2019 → ○ I visited Tokyo in 2019.
since / for の取り違え: since + 起点（since 2021）/ for + 期間（for two years）。✕ since three years.
recently/lately は現在完了と相性が良い（have done / have been doing）。単純過去にしにくい。
by the time 節で未来形を使わない: ✕ by the time the conference will start → ○ by the time the conference starts.
by と until: by は「期限までに完了」/ until は「〜までずっと継続」。否定文の not … until に注意。
未来完了受動の形: will have been + p.p.（The audit will have been completed by Friday.）
受動不可の自動詞: happen/occur/arrive/appear などは受動にできない（✕ was happened）。
apply の態: apply A to B（能動）/ A is applied to B（受動）。主語により自然な態が変わる。
主語の核で一致を決める: The number of users is high / A number of users are joining.
either/neither/each/every は単数、both/several/many は複数。「as well as」「together with」は主語を複数にしない。
There is/are の一致は後ろの真主語に合わせる（There are a number of issues.）。
進行形にしない動詞: know/believe/belong/contain などは通常進行不可（✕ is knowing）。
過去完了の誤用: もう一つの過去参照点がないのに had + p.p. を使わない。
助動詞の後は常に原形（must/can/will + V）。✕ will inspects / musts go.
集合名詞（staff/team/company）は一貫した単複選択を。なお police は通常複数扱い（The police are ...）。

過去の出来事 + 影響が今 → 現在完了

The company has expanded its overseas offices since 2021.

コツ: since/for/recently/lately/already/yet が手掛かり。完了結果・経験・継続のいずれかを見極める。

The company ___ three new branches since 2021.

A.opened
B.has opened
C.has been opening
D.opens

Our sales ___ significantly in recent quarters.

A.increase
B.increasing
C.increased
D.have increased

I ___ the draft for your review already.

A.have sent
B.sent
C.am sending
D.had sent

by the time / by next month → 未来完了

We will have completed the audit by next Friday.

コツ: 期限までに完了するニュアンス。進行を強調するなら未来完了進行形（will have been ~ing）。

By the time the conference starts, we ___ the prototype.

A.finish
B.will finish
C.will have finished
D.will be finishing

By next March, the team ___ the new training program for two years.

A.runs
B.will have been running
C.will run
D.has been running

The audit ___ by next Friday, according to the schedule.

A.is completed
B.has completed
C.will complete
D.will have been completed

受動態が自然: 主語が行為を受ける

The shipment was delayed due to customs inspection.

コツ: 行為者が不明・無関係・不要なら受動態。目的語がない自動詞は受動にできない点にも注意。

The shipment ___ due to customs inspection.

A.was delayed
B.delayed
C.has delaying
D.was delaying

All employees must wear badges while they ___ by security at the gate.

A.are screening
B.are screened
C.are being screened
D.screen

The policy ___ to all contractors starting next month.

A.applies
B.will be applied
C.was applying
D.has apply

単数・複数の一致

Each participant receives a survey. / All participants receive a survey.

コツ: each/every/neither は単数、both/several/many は複数。主語直前の名詞句の核を見極める。

Each participant ___ a survey after the session.

A.receive
B.have received
C.are receiving
D.receives

Both of the solutions ___ viable for the pilot test.

A.are
B.is
C.was
D.has been

Neither of the proposals ___ final at this stage.

A.are
B.have been
C.is
D.were