動詞の時制・態・一致
時制、受動態／能動態、主語との一致をセットで確認する。
タイムラインを素早く捉えて最適な動詞形を選べるようにする。
⚠️ひっかけ注意 — よくある失点パターン
- 現在完了 × 具体的過去時点: ✕ I have visited Tokyo in 2019 → ○ I visited Tokyo in 2019.
- since / for の取り違え: since + 起点（since 2021）/ for + 期間（for two years）。✕ since three years.
- recently/lately は現在完了と相性が良い（have done / have been doing）。単純過去にしにくい。
- by the time 節で未来形を使わない: ✕ by the time the conference will start → ○ by the time the conference starts.
- by と until: by は「期限までに完了」/ until は「〜までずっと継続」。否定文の not … until に注意。
- 未来完了受動の形: will have been + p.p.（The audit will have been completed by Friday.）
- 受動不可の自動詞: happen/occur/arrive/appear などは受動にできない（✕ was happened）。
- apply の態: apply A to B（能動）/ A is applied to B（受動）。主語により自然な態が変わる。
- 主語の核で一致を決める: The number of users is high / A number of users are joining.
- either/neither/each/every は単数、both/several/many は複数。「as well as」「together with」は主語を複数にしない。
- There is/are の一致は後ろの真主語に合わせる（There are a number of issues.）。
- 進行形にしない動詞: know/believe/belong/contain などは通常進行不可（✕ is knowing）。
- 過去完了の誤用: もう一つの過去参照点がないのに had + p.p. を使わない。
- 助動詞の後は常に原形（must/can/will + V）。✕ will inspects / musts go.
- 集合名詞（staff/team/company）は一貫した単複選択を。なお police は通常複数扱い（The police are ...）。
ポイント別演習
過去の出来事 + 影響が今 → 現在完了
The company has expanded its overseas offices since 2021.
The company ___ three new branches since 2021.
I ___ the draft for your review already.
She ___ for this company for over five years.
Our sales ___ significantly in recent quarters.
They ___ several attempts to contact the supplier this week.
Mr. Tanaka ___ the report yet, so we cannot proceed.
Lately, more customers ___ about the delivery delays.
It is the first time the committee ___ such a proposal.
by the time / by next month → 未来完了
We will have completed the audit by next Friday.
By tomorrow evening, the courier ___ all packages.
When you return next month, we ___ the renovation.
By the time the conference starts, we ___ the prototype.
By the end of this quarter, sales ___ those of the previous year.
By the time the audit is over, the firm ___ over a hundred reports.
In two more weeks, Ms. Lee ___ at this company for thirty years.
By next March, the team ___ the new training program for two years.
The audit ___ by next Friday, according to the schedule.
受動態が自然: 主語が行為を受ける
The shipment was delayed due to customs inspection.
The shipment ___ due to customs inspection.
The new device ___ by our engineers last month.
Visitors ___ to register at the front desk upon arrival.
The award ___ to the most innovative team every year.
All employees must wear badges while they ___ by security at the gate.
The policy ___ to all contractors starting next month.
The annual report ___ by the auditing firm at this very moment.
単数・複数の一致
Each participant receives a survey. / All participants receive a survey.
Each participant ___ a survey after the session.
Both of the solutions ___ viable for the pilot test.
Neither of the proposals ___ final at this stage.
Every employee ___ to attend the safety training.
The list of attendees ___ been finalized.
The CEO, along with the board members, ___ to attend the gala.
A number of complaints ___ been filed since the change.