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不定詞・動名詞・分詞 — 非定形の使い分け

to不定詞 / 動名詞 / 分詞構文の機能差を見抜く。

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目的・名詞化・形容詞化の用法を取り違えない。

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「目的(to)」「名詞化(-ing)」「受動/完了/形容詞化(V-ed/V-ing)」の3軸で判断し、前置詞直後は原則 -ing、節/句の役割を位置で確定する。
以下のポイントを順番に押さえ、同じパターンの問題で解き方を再現できるようにしましょう。

整理メモ

用法マッピング

to不定詞

  • 目的・意図: to reduce costs / in order to improve
  • 予定・計画: plan/decide/agree/hope to do
  • 評価・感情の形容詞後: be eager/ready/likely to do
  • 形式主語/for構文: It is important to confirm. / It is hard for us to meet the deadline.

動名詞

  • 名詞化: Spending, Hiring, Marketing
  • 前置詞の後: look forward to ~ing / be committed to ~ing / prevent A from ~ing
  • 動詞目的語: admit/avoid/consider/deny/enjoy/finish/mind/practice/suggest ~ing

分詞

  • 形容詞用法: a growing market / a damaged package
  • 分詞句で付帯状況・理由・条件: Considering the cost, ... / Given the constraints, ...
  • 完了・受動分詞: having done / (being) done / having been done

動詞パターン

to不定詞のみ

  • decide
  • plan
  • agree
  • hope
  • promise
  • refuse
  • fail
  • offer
  • expect

動名詞のみ

  • admit
  • avoid
  • consider
  • deny
  • enjoy
  • finish
  • suggest
  • mind
  • practice

意味が変わる両用

  • remember to do(これから)/ remember doing(過去の記憶)
  • stop to do(目的で立ち止まる)/ stop doing(中止)
  • try to do(試みる)/ try doing(試しにやってみる)
  • regret to do(これから伝えるのを遺憾に思う)/ regret doing(過去の行為を後悔)

使役・許可構文

  • make/let/have + O + 原形(受動: be made to + 原形)
  • ask/allow/enable/encourage + O + to + 原形
  • be used to + 名詞/動名詞(習慣) vs used to + 原形(以前は〜だった)

ひっかけ注意

  • 前置詞の直後は -ing:✕ before to start → ○ before starting
  • look forward to / be committed to / object to の to は前置詞 → 動名詞
  • ✕ consider to do / ✕ suggest to do → ○ consider/suggest doing
  • used to の混同:be used to ~ing(慣れている)≠ used to do(以前は〜した)
  • 分詞の主語一致:分詞句の論理主語は主節と一致(Dangling participle を避ける)
  • 興味/感情の -ed/-ing:人は -ed(interested)、物事は -ing(interesting)
  • 完了不定詞/動名詞の時制一致:seem to have done / having done など「前後関係」を表す
  • 受動不定詞:to be done / to have been done の形に注意

to 不定詞=目的・予定

We plan to expand next quarter.

コツ: in order to の省略として機能。形容詞(ready/eager/likely)や It is + adj + to の型も頻出。

We plan ___ next quarter.

  • A.expanding
  • B.to expand
  • C.expansion
  • D.expanded

She is eager ___ a leadership role.

  • A.taking
  • B.to taking
  • C.take
  • D.to take

He went to the branch ___ the contract.

  • A.to sign
  • B.signing
  • C.signed
  • D.sign

動名詞=名詞化

Avoid sharing confidential data.

コツ: 前置詞の直後は原則 V-ing。動名詞目的語を取る動詞群(admit/avoid/consider/deny/enjoy/finish/suggest 等)を押さえる。

We look forward to ___ with you.

  • A.work
  • B.to work
  • C.working
  • D.to working

She admitted ___ the policy.

  • A.violating
  • B.to violate
  • C.violate
  • D.violated

He is used to ___ long hours.

  • A.work
  • B.working
  • C.to work
  • D.worked

分詞の形容詞用法

a promising candidate / a damaged package

コツ: V-ing は能動/進行の含意、V-ed は受動/完了の含意。人は -ed(interested)、物事は -ing(interesting)。

We interviewed a ___ candidate for the role.

  • A.promise
  • B.promised
  • C.promiseful
  • D.promising

Please report any ___ items immediately.

  • A.damaging
  • B.damaged
  • C.damage
  • D.to damage

The CEO gave an ___ presentation that kept everyone focused.

  • A.engaged
  • B.engagement
  • C.engaging
  • D.to engage

独立分詞構文

Weather permitting, the event will proceed.

コツ: 主節の主語と論理主語を一致。定型句:Weather permitting / Given the constraints / All things considered / Assuming ...

___ no further delays, we can ship next week.

  • A.Assuming
  • B.Assumed
  • C.Assume
  • D.Assumption

___ the constraints, we redesigned the schedule.

  • A.Having given
  • B.Giving
  • C.Given
  • D.Gave

All things ___, we agreed to proceed with the pilot.

  • A.considering
  • B.to consider
  • C.been considered
  • D.considered